{"id":46,"date":"2025-06-02T17:39:38","date_gmt":"2025-06-02T17:39:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/?page_id=46"},"modified":"2025-06-05T14:26:35","modified_gmt":"2025-06-05T14:26:35","slug":"behavior-modeling-av-users","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/research\/behavior-modeling-av-users\/","title":{"rendered":"Behavior Modeling of AV Users"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>Last Updated<\/strong>: 06\/04\/2025 | All information is accurate and up-to-date<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Main Goals<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Modeling the behavioral patterns and characteristics of AV users.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Drivers, occupants, pedestrians and other road users potentially interacting with AVs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Guide the design, development and evaluation of human-centric AI functions in intelligent transportation<em>.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research Examples<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-grid\">\n    \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"126\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"Naturalistic driving studies\" class=\"wp-image-84\" style=\"width:800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x126-01-2025-01-300x95.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Naturalistic Driving Studies<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-column\">\n    \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A pie chart showing the results of behavior modeling of vulnerable road users\" class=\"wp-image-85\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x210-01-2025-01-300x158.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Behavior Modeling of Vulnerable Road Users<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"a 3D graph of driver distraction and relative risks.\" class=\"wp-image-86\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-behavior-modeling-av-users-400x234-01-2025-01-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Driver Distraction and Relative Risks<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naturalistic Driving Study #1<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>110-car Naturalistic Driving Study<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Goal<\/strong>: behaviors of pedestrians and bicyclists in a naturalistic road environment when encountering cars.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Method<\/strong>: Synchronized data from three sources were recorded continuously when the subject was driving through the onboard data collection device hidden behind the rear view mirror.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scope<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Number of primary subjects: 116<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Duration: 12 months<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Collected raw data size:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Driving distance: ~1.44 million miles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Driving time: &gt; 40,000 hours<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Video data collected: 90 TB<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dataset<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>62,000 pedestrians and 13,000 bicyclists with behavior, environment, and risk labels.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"58\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A flow chart showing the data processing pipeline\" class=\"wp-image-104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01-300x22.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-01-800x58-01-2025-01-768x56.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Data Processing Pipeline<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Naturalistic Driving Study 01\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3XNHPbXC9XA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Naturalistic Driving Study 01\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/peu6Ypz_2_A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Naturalistic Driving Study #2<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Naturalistic panoramic road-scene data collection\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>200 hours of naturalistic data collection in 4 US Regions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All VRUs: Pedestrians, E-scooter Riders, Bicyclists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global scene reconstructions (LiDAR + 360 Camera + RTK GPS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprehensive annotations (Visual, Map, Action, and Intention labels)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Data Collection Sites<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"435\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A map of the United States showing all the different cities that the experimental vehicle was used (Los Angeles, San Diego, Austin, Lafayette, Indianapolis, Washington DC, New York, Providence, Salem and Boston.)\" class=\"wp-image-108\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x452-01-2025-01-768x418.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Experiment Vehicle<\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-grid\">\n    \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"Two photos of the experimental car. One shows the equipment mounted in the truck, and the other shows the camera system mounted to the roof.\" class=\"wp-image-107\" style=\"width:1000px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-300x98.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-800x260-01-2025-01-768x250.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-column\">\n    \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"346\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram showing how the camera system is set up within the vehicle\" class=\"wp-image-105\" style=\"width:450px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x346-01-2025-01-300x173.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram of a car looking straight down from above, showing the position of the 360-degree camera on the roof.\" class=\"wp-image-106\" style=\"width:450px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-naturalistic-driving-study-02-600x380-01-2025-01-300x190.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Automatic and Manual Annotations of VRU-Encountering Scenes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"407\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram showing the sensor-fusion-based scene reconstruction pipeline.\" class=\"wp-image-83\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x407-01-2025-01-768x391.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sensor-fusion-based Scene Reconstruction Pipeline<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Visual, movement and action annotations for more than 600k frames to measure the behaviors of VRUs and the contextual scenes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"326\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"Two images of computer screens showing the annotations for more than 600k frames.\" class=\"wp-image-82\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01.jpg 800w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01-300x122.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-800x326-01-2025-01-768x313.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A view on the driver's side from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-78\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-01-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Scene Reconstruction and Behavior Variable Calculation for &gt;2000 VRUs<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02.jpg\" alt=\"A forward view of a car from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-79\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-02-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03.jpg\" alt=\"A view on the passenger's side from the roof-mounted camera.\" class=\"wp-image-80\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03.jpg 400w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-400x400-01-2025-03-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"An aerial view of a city intersection where three roads cross each other.\" class=\"wp-image-81\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-automatic-manual-annotations-vru-encountering-scenes-600x600-01-2025-01-286x300.jpg 286w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Scenario Variables<\/th><th>eScooter #1<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Front eScooter Speed (mph)<\/td><td>16.04<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Ego Speed (mph)<\/td><td>12.47<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Closest Passing Distance (m)<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crossing Distance (m)<\/td><td>32.12<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Crossing Angle (deg)<\/td><td>61.45<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Smallest TTC (sec)<\/td><td>n\/a<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Descriptive Vulnerable Road User Behavior Models<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Behavior modeling based on naturalistic observations can contribute important details for encountering scenarios.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pedestrians and bicyclists moving speeds at different scenarios<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pedestrian and bicyclist limb motion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pedestrian and bicyclist appearance locations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Calculation of time-to-potential-conflict (TTC)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Vehicle traveling speed at different scenarios\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>200 hours of naturalistic data collection in 4 US Regions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All VRUs: Pedestrians, E-scooter Riders, Bicyclists<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Global scene reconstructions (LiDAR + 360 Camera + RTK GPS)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Comprehensive annotations (Visual, Map, Action, and Intention labels)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>E-scooter and cyclist behavior analysis during car encounters based on naturalistic observations.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-grid\">\n    \n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-ncst-image-column\">\n    \n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"711\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A pie chart showing the breakdown of the eScooter's performance.\" class=\"wp-image-87\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x711-01-2025-01-253x300.jpg 253w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"724\" src=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01.jpg\" alt=\"A pie chart showing the breakdown of the bicyclist's performance.\" class=\"wp-image-88\" srcset=\"https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01.jpg 600w, https:\/\/webpublishing.oit.ncsu.edu\/icel-ise-ncsu-edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/372\/2025\/06\/cognitive-ergonomics-intelligent-systems-research-descriptive-vru-behavior-models-600x724-01-2025-01-249x300.jpg 249w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n\n\n  <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Last Updated: 06\/04\/2025 | All information is accurate and up-to-date Main Goals Research Examples Naturalistic Driving Study #1 110-car Naturalistic Driving Study Naturalistic Driving Study #2 Data Collection Sites Experiment&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12816,"featured_media":0,"parent":36,"menu_order":4,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"source":"","ncst_custom_author":"","ncst_show_custom_author":false,"ncst_dynamicHeaderBlockName":"ncst\/floating-box-header","ncst_dynamicHeaderData":"{\"pageIntro\":\"Automated vehicles excel on highways but struggle in cities due to pedestrians' and road users' unpredictable, rapidly changing 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